The NPF proteins are plant specific subfamily members of the proton-coupled oligopeptide transporter (POT) family, which exists in all kingdoms of life and whose members are important for transport of di- and tripeptides across membranes in symport with at least one proton. In humans, there are four POT family members, two of which are prime targets for drug delivery owing to their central importance for delivery of peptidomimetic drugs to intestinal epithelial cells (Daniel and Kottra, 2004). Crystal structures of bacterial POT family members have identified key residues in the POT substrate-binding cavity which interact with the peptidomimetic substrates and are located in a large cavity able to accommodate nearly limitless variations in amino acid side chains and conjugated species (Biegel et al., 2006; Doki et al., 2013; Guettou et al., 2014; Lyons et al., 2014; Newstead, 2015; Newstead, 2017). Moreover, a conserved ExxE[K/R] motif plays an essential role in intra-transporter salt bridge formations that enable coupling between proton and substrate transport to ensure active transport (Solcan et al., 2012; Aduri et al., 2015).
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With the NBA season two weeks away, excitement is in the air. Many teams have reloaded and gained new stars, while others have drafted rookies with limitless potential. Controversy and trades have highlighted this off-season, but with Oct. 18 closing in, there is much to cover.
Extant life has evolved over billions of years to generate vast biodiversity, and microbial biodiversity is practically limitless compared with macroscopic life. Biodiversity of macroscopic organisms is rapidly declining because of human activity, suggesting that the biodiversity of host-specific microorganisms of animal and plant species will also decrease. However, compared with macroscopic organisms, we know far less about the connections between microorganisms and anthropogenic climate change. We can recognize the effects of microorganisms on climate change and climate change on microorganisms, but what we have learned is incomplete, complex and challenging to interpret. It is therefore not surprising that challenges exist for defining causes and effects of anthropogenic climate change on biological systems. Nevertheless, there is no doubt that human activity is causing climate change, and this is perturbing normal ecosystem function around the globe (Box 1). Across marine and terrestrial biomes, microbially driven greenhouse gas emissions are increasing and positively feeding back on climate change. Irrespective of the fine details, the microbial compass points to the need to act (Box 2). Ignorance of the role of, effects on and feedback response of microbial communities to climate change can lead to our own peril. An immediate, sustained and concerted effort is required to explicitly include microorganisms in research, technology development, and policy and management decisions. Microorganisms not only contribute to the rate of climate change but can also contribute immensely to its effective mitigation and our adaptation tools.
The 13th edition of the Swindon tournament was held, like the last few, at the Even Swindon Community Centre.43 players played and the new winner was Matthew Macfadyen (6 dan Leamington). Secondwas Simon Shiu (4 dan Bristol). Prizes for 3 wins went to Christian Scarff (1 dan Swindon), Stephan Thober (1 dan Bath), Zaichen Lu (4 kyu Oxford),Edwina Lee (5 kyu Maidenhead), Andy Price (11 kyu Leamington) and Pauline Bailey (15 kyuWest Surrey). Leamington won the team prize and young Barney Shiu (22 kyu Bristol) wonthe 13x13. Special prizes went to Casey Alexander for being from Oregon, and to Jim Clare andToby Manning for sharing a jigo. The Special General Meeting of the BGA was postponed ascorrect copies of the accounts were not available.
67 players attended the HQ of HITACHI Europe Ltd for the 18th Maidenhead Tournament.Du Qing won the tournament, following his second place in London, by beating JonDiamond in the last round. Other players winning 3/3 were Matt Crosby (2 dan Epsom), Christian Scarff (1 dan Swindon)and Neil Cleverly (8 kyu Bournemouth). In addition all on 1.5 or 2/3 won a prize thanks to generous sponsorship from HITACHI. Team winner was the Cardiff Killers on tie break fromDani's Team. Andrew Boughton won the 9x9 with 6/7 ahead of Xinyi Lu on 7/10.
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